Religionism & Mental Health in Selangor Hindus: Yoga Healing

Author

Ms. Krishnan N, a Zen entrepreneur in her 60s, founded Nava's Zen at 58. With 22 years as a lecturer, including 13 years in the Curtin University of Technology Perth, Australia Degree Twinning Program, she is now a certified yoga instructor, coach, and counselor. Her expertise enriches her current work.

Abstract
This article explores the intricate interplay between religion, mental health, and the practice of yoga among Hindus in Selangor, Malaysia. While yoga is deeply rooted in Hindu tradition, serving as a pathway to self-awareness and spiritual growth, modern interpretations often distort its essence. The article examines how contemporary societal pressures, social media, and the emergence of self-proclaimed "yoga masters" contribute to a disconnection from the authentic teachings of yoga. 

It highlights the importance of grounding practices in spirituality and the need for individuals to navigate their faith with humility and authenticity. By emphasizing yoga's role as a healing practice, the article advocates for a mindful approach to spirituality that fosters mental well-being and a deeper connection to one's cultural heritage.

Keywords
Religion, Mental Health, Yoga, Hinduism, Selangor, Spirituality, Healing, Social Media, Community, Self-Awareness

Introduction
The Hindu society in Selangor, particularly the educated and affluent, presents an interesting intersection of religious identity and social status. While this characterization may be debated, for the purposes of this article, it refers specifically to the more educated and socially privileged segments of Selangor's Hindu population. Despite the older generation's potential lack of formal education, younger generations of Hindus, particularly those in middle and younger age groups, tend to view education as a marker of prestige and social standing. 

However, this society appears to have immersed itself deeply in religionism, a fervent adherence to Hinduism that raises critical questions about the true essence of the faith. Has Hinduism in Selangor become more about rituals, ancient norms, and traditional beliefs, or should it be viewed as a spiritual guide for navigating life’s challenges with humanistic values? Increasingly, it appears that the practice of Hinduism within this society has shifted towards religious zeal, where rituals are intertwined with notions of social reputation, prestige, and power. This raises an important question: Has religionism among Selangor Hindus overshadowed the deeper, more authentic spiritual dimensions of Hinduism, transforming religious practice into a reflection of social status and wealth?

Methodology
For the purpose of this article, the author will draw on shared experiences and observations of the Selangor Hindu society, particularly focusing on activities in temples and the ways in which Hindus project their understanding of Hinduism. Data was collected through informal communications with various individuals, paying close attention to the pronounced religious fervor among those spoken to, as evidenced by their behaviors and interactions (Bharati, 2019).

Additionally, the methodology includes a literature review and an analysis of social media activity, particularly WhatsApp, where users frequently update their statuses and share religious content in group chats. This serves as a means of demonstrating the strong religious convictions within the community and their attempts to influence others regarding their Hindu beliefs (Jain, 2020).

Insights can be gleaned from Hindu holy texts, which provide rich historical data authored by revered gurus and spiritual leaders. The Bhagavad Gita is one such text, and the author has completed online courses from Level 1 to Level 3 to deepen understanding of its teachings. Despite the various interpretations of Hinduism, the essence of the faith remains centered on the principles of humanity, which poses a significant challenge in the 21st century (Eck, 2012).

Religion is generally defined as an organized system of beliefs, practices, and moral codes that help individuals understand their existence and their connection to the divine or transcendent. It fosters a sense of community and shared identity among followers. Hinduism, one of the world’s oldest religions, exemplifies this through its rich tapestry of rituals, philosophies, and spiritual practices, emphasizing concepts such as karma, dharma, and moksha. It encourages personal exploration of the divine, allowing for diverse expressions of faith, including devotion to various deities and the pursuit of spiritual knowledge.

The relevant inquiry for this study is whether the educated and affluent Hindus in Selangor engage deeply with these organized systems of beliefs and practices. This encompasses not only rituals but also the expressions of faith and the spiritual knowledge associated with being human in contemporary society.

Spirituality and Religionism: A Comparative Perspective
Spirituality refers to a deeply personal and individualized experience of connecting with something greater than oneself, often associated with a sense of purpose, inner peace, and harmony with the universe or existence (Tacey, 2004). It encompasses a search for meaning and a connection to one’s inner self, frequently involving practices such as meditation, reflection, and mindful living (Heelas & Woodhead, 2005). Spirituality is fluid and not necessarily bound to specific doctrines or organized practices, allowing for a more flexible approach to personal growth and well-being (Puchalski et al., 2014).

In contrast, religionism is characterized by strict adherence to the doctrines, rituals, and institutional practices of an organized religion (Marty, 1996). While religionism imposes a structured belief system and moral codes, it can sometimes create divisions between followers and non-followers. This form of religious practice often emphasizes conformity and obligation, potentially hindering individual exploration and personal connection to the divine (Cornish, 2021).

Spirituality, on the other hand, tends to be more inclusive, emphasizing inner connection and self-discovery rather than external rules. It encourages personal exploration and fosters a broader sense of universal connection. This distinction is particularly relevant when examining the behavior of Hindus in Selangor, who may be becoming increasingly engrossed in religionism.

Historically, rituals and religious practices among Hindus were conducted on a small scale within the family context. These rituals served to strengthen familial bonds and foster connections among relatives and the wider community. Such practices were viewed as essential guidelines of Hinduism, promoting the principle of non-harm toward other humans, animals, and nature (Narasimhan, 2004). The shared belief in caring for one another and respecting the universe nurtured a sense of community without imposing conformity or forcing others to adhere to rigid practices.

As the Hindu society in Selangor becomes more entrenched in organized religion, it raises important questions about the balance between spirituality and religionism. Are the affluent and educated Hindus losing sight of the core values that promote inner peace and community connection?

The Evolution of Wedding Rituals in Selangor Hinduism
Weddings hold profound symbolic meaning through rituals that signify the bonding of families, close relatives, and loved ones. Traditionally, these symbolic practices were intimate affairs, involving only family members (Vishwanath, 2020). However, contemporary weddings in Selangor have expanded beyond their original significance, often becoming extravagant events marked by elaborate rituals and displays of wealth (Ramasamy, 2021).

Priests have emerged as central figures in these ceremonies, wielding considerable influence over the rituals and practices. In the past, the involvement of priests was limited, with families conducting most ceremonies among themselves. Today, however, many Hindus in Selangor view priests as possessing a divine authority essential for performing wedding rites, elevating their status to that of spiritual intermediaries (Rajagopal, 2023). As a result, weddings have transformed into grand spectacles that extend over several days, leading to questions about the authenticity of certain rituals and whether they have been borrowed from other religious traditions.

What was once a sacred union between a man and a woman, guided by the principles of Hinduism, has become a demonstration of social status, where the focus has shifted from seeking blessings from the elderly to showcasing the priest’s role (Kumar & Sharma, 2022). The addition of new rituals over time raises concerns about their origins and significance, as couples often prioritize external validation over genuine belief in these practices.

Despite the extensive rituals associated with weddings, many individuals struggle to articulate their meanings or origins. This hesitance to question the rituals reflects a broader concern about challenging established norms within Hinduism, as such inquiries may inadvertently challenge the beliefs of others. Furthermore, the tendency to prolong and augment wedding practices appears rooted in the belief that adherence to these customs enhances one's standing within the community and reflects a deep commitment to religious observance.

As the trend continues, it begs the question: Are educated Hindus in Selangor engaging in these practices to elevate their social status, or do they sincerely embrace the values these rituals are meant to convey?

Evolution of Coming of Age Ceremonies
The coming-of-age ceremony for young women in Selangor has evolved into a significant public display of Hindu rites, rituals, and practices. Traditionally, this ceremony was an intimate affair among close-knit female relatives and friends (Krishnan, 2021). It was a celebration that allowed women to come together to bestow love and blessings upon the young lady, emphasizing the communal bond among women.

However, over the years, the coming-of-age ceremony has transformed into an event resembling a wedding. Large crowds are now invited, including many men, and the young lady often dresses like a bride (Chandran & Nadarajah, 2022). The presence of a priest to bless the young woman has also become common, a departure from the earlier practice where priestly involvement was unnecessary.

This shift indicates that Hindus in Selangor now view the coming-of-age ceremony as a religious celebration (Ravi & Singh, 2023). Ironically, this transformation occurs within a cultural context where menstruating women are often deemed impure and are traditionally discouraged from entering temples or participating in religious rituals. The contradiction highlights the complex relationship between religious observance and cultural practices among Hindus in Selangor, raising questions about the true essence of these ceremonies and their alignment with broader Hindu beliefs.

Deepavali Celebrations and Rituals
Deepavali (also known as Diwali) is a major festival in Hinduism, symbolizing the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance (Cousins, 1998). Widely celebrated by Hindus worldwide, the festival involves lighting oil lamps, offering prayers, and spending time with family. Its roots span various Hindu traditions, with significance varying by region (Lal, 2022).

While Deepavali is observed as a religious festival in Selangor, the celebrations have taken on a more extravagant tone, often including alcohol and parties, which seem to overshadow the festival's core meaning. Despite this, Hindus uphold religious rites, rituals, and practices during the festivities.

Prayers to honor ancestors during Deepavali have also transformed into religious observances focused on remembrance. Traditionally, families would light oil lamps and prepare favorite dishes of their ancestors to celebrate together. However, the emphasis has shifted towards vegetarian offerings, stemming from a belief that meat dishes should not be served, despite the ancestors' preferences. This reflects a broader shift in Hindu religious practices and beliefs over time (Kumar & Sharma, 2022).

Hindu Calendar Celebrations
The Hindu calendar designates each day for honoring various deities, encompassing both major and minor gods (Dumont, 2007). In Selangor, however, there appears to be a trend among Hindus to elevate these religious celebrations from intimate family gatherings to large-scale temple festivities. For example, Navarathri, a significant Hindu festival spanning nine nights dedicated to the worship of Goddess Durga and her manifestations, has evolved into a prominent event characterized by fervent devotion, fasting, music, dance, and various rituals (Srinivasan, 2020).

Today, participation in daily temple activities during Navarathri has become a social expectation. Those who are not seen regularly in temples may feel excluded, as this has transformed into a large-scale celebration where parents encourage their children to participate in activities that ensure visibility within the community. This focus on public recognition can create feelings of jealousy and envy among families regarding which children are selected for temple performances.

Vegetarianism in Selangor's Hindu Society
Vegetarianism has been a longstanding practice among Hindus in Selangor. Some individuals are born into vegetarian families, viewing this dietary choice as a reflection of their caste and cultural heritage, while others adopt vegetarianism during significant Hindu religious celebrations or festivals (Nambissan & Jha, 2020). Today, a substantial number of Hindus in Selangor identify as vegetarians, with many converting to a full-time vegetarian lifestyle.

This shift is often rooted in the belief that adhering to a vegetarian diet fosters a closer connection to Hindu deities and reflects a commitment to religious principles (Sharma & Rao, 2021). Additionally, vegetarianism can carry social implications, signaling to others that one is devout and observant of religious customs. However, beneath the surface, individuals who adhere to this diet face health challenges, including obesity and other health problems, stemming from a lack of understanding that dietary choices should also prioritize nutritional health and mental clarity.

In discussions with several individuals, some admitted to imposing vegetarian diets on their children from a young age, framing this choice as a pathway to religious purity. Yet, there are accounts of blindly following a vegetarian diet, leading to health issues due to the insufficient nutrient content of their food choices. This neglect has resulted in weakened immune systems, prompting some to return to non-vegetarian diets while attempting to instill this change in their children, who have grown accustomed to vegetarian meals.

The transition from a vegetarian to a non-vegetarian diet poses a mental challenge for these children, as they face difficulties adjusting to new food choices while grappling with ingrained beliefs about dietary purity and identity.

The Self-Perception of Religious Authority
It is concerning to observe that some Hindus in Selangor perceive themselves as representatives of divine authority, fervently preaching their interpretation of Hinduism and striving to convince others that their practices are the correct way to engage with the faith (Pal, 2020). This is evident in their frequent WhatsApp status updates, which prominently feature Hindu verses and beliefs, alongside the relentless sharing of religious videos. Whenever the opportunity arises to discuss spirituality, their fervent devotion becomes apparent, raising questions about whether these individuals are obsessed with religion and motivated to convert others to their interpretation of Hinduism.

This self-appointed role as "chosen ones" suggests a strong desire to influence the beliefs of others, reinforcing their perception of being divinely ordained to spread the faith. However, in personal interactions, it is often noted that these individuals can exhibit a starkly contrasting demeanor. Their character and behavior may be characterized by an alarming tendency to criticize other religions, engage in derogatory discourse about differing beliefs, and contribute to divisive political discussions (Mann & Narayan, 2019). Such actions reflect a troubling combination of ego and a superiority complex, which may indicate underlying struggles with mental health.

Moreover, beneath their outward display of piety—through rigorous adherence to rituals, participation in religious festivals, and the presence of priests in their homes—lies a complexity that suggests deeper psychological issues. They may use their religious practices as a facade to mask personal unhappiness, jealousy, and envy towards other members of their community. The need to showcase their devotion and religious observance often appears as a means to validate their faith to themselves and others, prompting one to question whether these devout individuals are grappling with their mental well-being (Gautam, 2018).

The Illusion of Divine Trance
Among the ten Hindu women the author engaged with, nine claim the ability to enter a trance state, attributing their psychic powers to their piety and dedication to Hindu rituals (Bandyopadhyay, 2015). They assert that this trance is a divine gift from the deity to whom they are devoted. During these altered states, the author has observed their transformation; they seem to channel the energy of the god they connect with, often displaying intense behaviors, such as screaming.

In these trance states, these women become sought after by other Hindus for their alleged psychic abilities. They claim to provide guidance and solutions to personal dilemmas, predict future events, and suggest remedies. Many who seek their insights testify to the effectiveness of their counsel, further solidifying the perception of their powers (Lal, 2020).

However, a closer examination reveals a paradox. Despite their proclaimed abilities, many of these women grapple with unresolved personal issues within their families, raising questions about the authenticity of their psychic powers. Are these abilities truly manifestations of a profound spiritual connection, or have they merely convinced themselves that they embody the role of a deity?

For many of these women, the trance state serves as a means of validation—a pathway to gain respect and admiration within their community by presenting themselves as conduits of divine wisdom. Their claims of god-given power often appear to be more about self-affirmation than genuine spiritual insight, revealing a complex interplay between faith, identity, and the human need for recognition (Bandyopadhyay, 2015; Lal, 2020).

The Intersection of Yoga and Hinduism
Yoga, an ancient practice that originated over 5,000 years ago during the Indus Valley Civilization, holds a rich history deeply intertwined with Hindu tradition. Archaeological discoveries, including seals depicting figures in meditative postures, suggest that yoga was already a significant part of life during this era. In Hinduism, Lord Shiva is revered as the Adiyogi, or "first yogi," who is believed to have imparted the knowledge of yoga to humanity. According to mythology, Shiva shared this wisdom with the Saptarishis (seven sages), laying the groundwork for spiritual growth, self-realization, and inner transformation (Saraswati, 2014).

The philosophy of yoga began as a holistic practice aimed at aligning the body, mind, and spirit through discipline, meditation, and self-awareness, emphasizing balance, mental clarity, and the pursuit of moksha (liberation). Initially focused on spiritual awakening, this ancient tradition has evolved into a profound system for mental, emotional, and physical well-being (Brown, 2018).

While yoga is celebrated for its benefits, the practice within the context of Hinduism has been distorted by certain practitioners in Selangor, who have come to be known as "yoga masters." These individuals often preach about Hinduism with an air of superiority, positioning themselves as god-like figures. They conduct yoga sessions while collecting followers who believe these masters possess divine authority, equating their teachings with Hindu religious power.

Sadly, instances of well-known yoga masters misusing the practice for personal gain have emerged, tarnishing the integrity of yoga. For instance, the scandal involving Bikram Choudhury, founder of Bikram Yoga, revealed allegations of sexual harassment and abuse that led to significant legal repercussions and public outcry (Hoffman, 2016). Similarly, Pattabhi Jois, a prominent figure in Ashtanga yoga, faced accusations of sexual misconduct from several students, highlighting a disturbing pattern within the community (Thompson, 2018). These scandals illustrate how the charisma of these figures can sway followers, leading them to adopt a skewed understanding of Hinduism that equates their masters with religious wisdom.

In the author's personal encounters with several male yoga masters, it became evident that some exploit their positions for greed, building personal yoga empires at the expense of their followers. These practitioners often blur the lines between yoga and Hindu rituals, promoting themselves as Hindu saints and conducting religious rites. It is concerning to witness how educated Hindus in Selangor can be so easily led astray, equating their dedication to yoga with a need to showcase their piety. This raises questions about whether they have deviated from the foundational principles of yoga set by the Adiyogi and if they are overly consumed by their perceptions of merging yoga with Hinduism.

Despite yoga's origins in Hinduism and its connection to Lord Shiva, the number of devout Hindus practicing yoga remains disappointingly low. Many seem disinterested in yoga as a means of self-awareness and mental health, instead prioritizing ritualistic practices to assert their religious identity. This divergence from the true essence of yoga highlights a troubling trend where the pursuit of spiritual depth is overshadowed by the desire for social validation within the Hindu community (Gururaj, 2020).

The Role of Social Media in Promoting Hinduism
Social media platforms have emerged as powerful channels for disseminating Hindu religious beliefs and practices. From the young to the old, videos and posts showcasing various aspects of Hinduism have proliferated, prompting us to question the intentions behind such digital evangelism. Many individuals seem eager to portray themselves as authorities on Hinduism, aiming to influence others and establish their names within the Hindu community in Selangor.

Religious celebrations, such as Deepavali and the harvest festival of Pongal, are particularly prevalent on social media. Participants often share vibrant images and videos of their festivities, seemingly as a performance to demonstrate their devotion and adherence to Hinduism. The emphasis on capturing and posting pictures from temples, where individuals are dressed in their finest attire, further underscores this desire for public validation. It is as if there is an unspoken expectation that the world should witness their piety and commitment to Hindu values (Gururaj, 2020).

Additionally, for those who actively preach Hinduism online, garnering followers and creating an impactful presence in society can be seen as a subtle means of advancing personal or business interests. In this digital age, the intersection of faith and social media raises important questions about authenticity and the motivations behind sharing religious content. Are these platforms truly being used to foster a genuine understanding of Hinduism, or are they primarily serving as stages for self-promotion? Research has indicated that social media influencers often curate their online personas to maximize engagement, which can lead to a performative aspect of faith rather than authentic expression (Ruthven & Aslam, 2021).

Ultimately, while social media can facilitate a greater appreciation of Hindu culture and beliefs, it also risks reducing spirituality to mere spectacle, where the pursuit of likes and followers may overshadow the deeper essence of faith.

Yoga: A Healer
The intention is not to dilute the Hindu religious faith or beliefs, which are integral to Hinduism as a way of life. Rather, yoga serves as a guide for being a humble, grounded, and simple human in this rapidly advancing 21st century. The question arises: are the Hindus in Selangor trying to race ahead in terms of their rituals and rites? Is it about surpassing a Hinduism that has existed for centuries, introducing distorted interpretations of traditional beliefs, norms, and values as set forth in Hindu holy texts or by revered gurus?

Upholding the faith involves respecting Hindu deities and paying homage to them, as they serve as guidance for remaining grounded. However, staying grounded poses a significant challenge. As the author conducts yoga sessions that focus on grounded asanas—poses that require sitting on the floor and remaining still during moments of meditation—she observes that many Hindus in Selangor seem to soar high yet struggle to stay grounded. This is evident in temples, where chairs are now provided, a shift considered acceptable today compared to the past, when it was deemed disrespectful to the gods. This erosion of groundedness has diminished the sacredness of the religious practice found in yoga (Eliade, 1987).

Wealth and status appear to drive many Hindus in Selangor, leading to increasingly complex and convoluted rites and rituals. A considerable amount of money is spent to showcase wealth as a central aspect of Hindu beliefs in the 21st century. While religion offers a sense of identity and community, this can create a domino effect, where one person's display of religious fervor is mimicked by others without questioning whether they are honoring Hinduism as it should be. Such behaviors can lead to obsessive tendencies or a sense of religious superiority, which inevitably affects mental health (Sinha & Sharma, 2020).

Practicing yoga is undoubtedly a grounding practice that fosters clarity of thought, allowing individuals to assess whether their religious faith and beliefs overshadow their identity as humble and grounded humans. In meditation, mindfulness, and breathwork - integrated into yoga poses - individuals learn to breathe in and out while becoming aware of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This self-awareness can help them recognize when they might be getting carried away by religious fervor.

The inner peace and stability that yoga provides contribute to mental well-being. This prompts reflection on whether those who claim to possess trance or psychic powers are truly enlightened or if these claims stem from a distortion of mental health, seeking validation from others within the community for their sense of worth.

In the simplicity of yoga, individuals can discover their true selves. Being a simple human in the 21st century presents unique challenges, particularly among Hindus in Selangor, where comparisons about who is "doing better" or achieving more social status abound. Yoga offers numerous benefits as a healing practice, including reducing stress, anxiety, and feelings of inadequacy that often arise from religious pressures. 

Rather than fostering competition or religious superiority, integrating yoga into one's religious practice promotes a holistic approach to spirituality. It encourages individuals to connect with their bodies, minds, and spirits in a balanced way. By embracing yoga as a healer, practitioners can engage with their spirituality in a more meaningful and authentic manner, adopting a mindful approach that cultivates awareness, balance, and inner peace amidst the complexities of modern spirituality (Gururaj, 2020).

Conclusion
In navigating the intricate relationship between yoga, Hinduism, and contemporary societal influences, it becomes evident that while yoga holds immense potential as a healing and grounding practice, its essence risks being overshadowed by superficial interpretations and societal pressures. The ancient wisdom encapsulated in yoga, rooted in the spiritual teachings of Hinduism, emphasizes the pursuit of self-awareness, humility, and inner peace. However, the modern-day pursuit of social validation often distorts these fundamental principles, leading to a disconnection from the true purpose of yoga.

As the Hindu community in Selangor grapples with evolving rituals and practices, it is essential to strike a balance between honoring tradition and embracing the transformative aspects of yoga. Recognizing the importance of genuine spiritual engagement over performative displays can pave the way for a deeper understanding of one’s faith. By integrating yoga into religious practices, individuals can cultivate a mindful approach to spirituality that fosters mental and emotional well-being.

Ultimately, as practitioners strive for authenticity in their spiritual journeys, the potential for yoga to serve as a healer remains profoundly relevant. Encouraging a return to the core teachings of yoga can help individuals reconnect with their true selves, promoting a holistic and balanced life that honors both personal well-being and the rich cultural heritage of Hinduism. In doing so, the community can foster a more profound appreciation for yoga as a sacred practice, reinforcing its role as a vital tool for personal and collective healing in the face of modern challenges.

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